Hitler Was An Almighty Dictator - 1477 Words

Nazi Propaganda was devoted to portraying Adolf Hitler as an almighty leader with calmative power with the view of ‘one leader, one party and one ideology’. This image of Hitler was easy to conceive giving the result of the holocaust and the creation of the Nazi state. However, leaving propaganda aside, there have been many historiographical debates as to whether Adolf Hitler was a weak or strong dictator, from Norman Rich claiming he was a master in the Third Reich, to Hans Mommsen who stated Hitler was a weak dictator. This essay will argue that hitler was an almighty dictator by focusing on Hitler as a charismatic leader using evidence of Hitler as a charismatic leader, the structure of the Nazi state and concept of a Volksgeist. 1.†¦show more content†¦Hitler played a central role in decision making of policy that interested him, he ordered the passing of the ‘Nuremberg Laws’ in 1935 and approved anti Semitic action from 1933. Hitler was also involved in foreign policy from the invasion of the Rhineland in 1936 to operation Barbarossa. During peaceful crucial decisions were also made by Hitler. The decision to destroy the leadership of the SA and the second revolting by instigation the Night of the Long Knives; in June 1934 was Hitlers. He took designs to introduce conscription in 1935 to invade the Rhineland and Austria which were all critically important events in the development of the nazi regime, and there timing was directed by Hitler. Hitlers authority was unchallenged, the lack for formal mechanising through which that authority was excessed by the Fuhrer has caused issues with historians trying to explain how the nazi state operated, Hitler rarely read important document befor e making a decision and disliked signing official papers, his officials and sought a verbal agreement of Hitler or even a nod of a head would suffice to sign a document. The suggests he was almighty as a nod of a head would allow a decision to be made and all this suggests that his subordinates were as they were working towards the fuhrer. Hitler kept out of the debates until all sides were exhausted and willing to accept hisShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at Benito Mussolini759 Words   |  3 PagesWho is Mussolini? Benito Mussolini was an Italian dictator who thrived in the times of both World Wars. Though he was a strong leader with a lot of persistence, his works and contributions in WWII werent as successful as he would have hoped. Even though he had the almighty Adolfo Hitler on his side, he still somehow succeeded to turn his entire country against him in the end and lose one of the most well known wars in all of history. The Pact of Steel: How it All Started Mussolini and his countryRead MoreAdolf Hitler As A Post Christ1349 Words   |  6 Pages People sometimes refer to Adolf Hitler as a post-Christ Nero because of Hitler s ruthless attitudes and actions towards innocent citizens, similar to Nero when he persecuted Christians during his rule about two thousand years prior(Kershaw). Hitler dealt with a depressing childhood, which included the deaths of his parents and the inability to pursue his dreams as an artist(Knapp). Thereafter, Hitler became interested in politics, as he eventually joined the Small German Workers party(Nazis)Read MoreEssay on Adolf Hitler: a Transformational Leader1461 Words   |  6 PagesAdolf Hitler: A Transformational Leader Adolf Hitler: A Transformational Leader If there is such a thing as effective leadership, it involves enthusiasm, inspiration and devotion. 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Hitler â€Å"decided the h e would rule theRead MoreHow Adolf Hilters Efforts for World Domination Changed the World994 Words   |  4 Pageseven those alive today. This man was Adolf Hitler. He was a anti-semitic, anti-Marxist dictator that dominated Europe into believing that Jews were the root of all evil. Adolf Hitler is one of the most influential figures of the 20th century because his reign and military leadership of Germany lead to World War II, he killed millions of Jews trying to perfect humanity through the Holocaust and his efforts of world domination influenced history forever. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1989, in Braunau-amRead More1984 Dystopian Society Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesget. In countries where a dictator controls the government, the citizens have very little freedom to express their own opinions. This is because dictators create societies that they feel are supreme. In order to have an almighty society, each person has to think and behave the same. 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All three men rose to power in Nazi Germany because of their particular leadership qualities and the way they complemented each other. Hitler was elected dictator because he was a ruthless political leader who persuaded his countrymen that he would make Germany powerful. Rommel was chosen to be general of the Nazi party because he was a self-confident leader with great knowledge in militaryRead MoreA Brief Note On Western Culture And Individualism1107 Words   |  5 Pageschanged itself throughout the years when it comes to the way we think. If you refer back to the early ages, the way of thinkin g has changed in several different ways. I look at the example of Hitler, and the war. He believed that he should have been a ruler of the entire world, along with several other dictators. I believe that is an example of individualism, and how he shaped history in the way that he personally thought about himself. This may be a radical one, but it still exemplified what individualismRead MoreThe Cause And Effect Of The Holocaust1811 Words   |  8 Pagesthere was one event that deeply influence the world and the Jews today, it was the Holocaust. Holocaust, a term that people use to describe the horrible event that happened during World War II which kill millions of innocent citizens. The Holocaust started at January 13, 1933, when Hitler became the leader of Germany. It continued until the V - E Day, which happened on May 8, 1945. 6 million Jews, and 5 million non-Jews were killed during the Holocaust. The causes and effect of the Holocaust was Hitler’s

History of Halloween - Informative Speech Essay - 1122 Words

Title: History of Halloween Purpose: To inform the audience of how Halloween started and transformed to what it is now. Thesis Statement: How Halloween has evolved from what it once was to what is now. Introduction: Patrons of the season of Halloween spend over $2.5 billion dollars every year on candy, costumes, and decorations. Every year millions of kids get dressed up, knock on doors, and beg for candy. Have you ever wondered where this strange tradition originated? The three most important points of Halloween can be summed up by looking at its origins, how it came to include jack-o-lanterns and bobbing for apples, and how it is celebrated today with trick-or-treating and haunted houses. * Where the origins of Halloween†¦show more content†¦Once the Devil did so, Jack decided to keep the money and put in into his pocket next to a silver cross, which prevented the Devil from changing back to his original form. Jack eventually freed the Devil, under the condition that he would not bother Jack for 10 years, should Jack die before then, he would not claim his soul. Ten years pass, Jack again tricked the Devil into a tree to pick him an apple before he took his soul. While he was up in the tree, Jack carved a cross into the trees bark so that the Devil could not come down until he promised Jack not to bother him and to never take his soul. Soon after, Jack died. As the legend goes, God would not allow such an unsavory figure into heaven. The Devil, upset by the trick Jack had played on him and keeping his word not to claim his soul, would not allow Jack into hell. He sent Jack out into the night with only a burning coal to light his way. Jack put the coal into a ca rved-out turnip and has been roaming the Earth ever since. In Ireland and Scotland, people would carve scary faces into turnips and potatoes and would place them in their windows or near doors to frighten away wandering evil spirits. In the mid-late 1840s, The Irish Potato Famine caused people to immigrate to the United States. Since turnips werent readily available in the U.S., they found pumpkins to be abundant and the best replacement. * The weird water sport of Bobbing for Apples. ApplesShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech : Americanization Of Halloween Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesSENTENCE-INFORMATIVE OUTLINE SPEECH TITLE: Americanization of Halloween GENERAL PURPOSE: To inform SPECIFIC PURPOSE: Informing the audience about how Halloween came to America and how most traditions were American inventions. THESIS/CENTRAL IDEA: How most of Halloween traditions were Americanized. INTRODUCTION: 1. GET ATTENTION: Who here likes Halloween? [pause for hands to be raised] 2. CLEARLY REVEAL THE TOPIC: Today we are going to discover the story that haunts us all, how Halloween wasRead Morehistory of halloween1293 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Hailey Hause COMM 130 The Culture of Halloween OUTLINE FORMAT FOR SECOND MAJOR SPEECH (Informative Speech with Visual Aids) I. Introduction: A. Attention Getter: Halloween is one of the world’s oldest and most celebrated holidays. B. Topic Link: The holidays connection to it’s origins have mostly fallen by the wayside, and a number of new American traditions have developed. C. Thesis Statement: Going from what the meaning of Halloween is in America today and looking back at it’s rootsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesLogical Consequences and Counterexamples ..................................................... 361 3-Valued Logic................................................................................................................................ 362 History of Sentential Logic ........................................................................................................... 367 Review of Major Points ..........................................................................................Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto do the following: 1. Decide whether existing information is adequate or whether additional information is required. 2. If necessary, collect more information in a reasonable and thoughtful way. 3. Summarize the available data in a useful and informative manner. 4 Chapter 1 ââ€"   The Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 4. Analyze the available data. 5. Draw conclusions, make decisions, and assess the risk of an incorrect decision. People informally use these steps to make everyday

Marginal Costing Free Essays

What is Marginal Costing? What are its features? What are the basic assumptions made by Marginal Costing? Marginal Costing is ascertainment of the marginal cost which varies directly with the volume of production by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs and finally ascertaining its effect on profit. The basic assumptions made by marginal costing are following: – Total variable cost is directly proportion to the level of activity. However, variable cost per unit remains constant at all the levels of activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Marginal Costing or any similar topic only for you Order Now – Per unit selling price remains constant at all levels of activities. All the items produced by the organisation are sold off. Features of Marginal costing: – It is a method of recoding costs and reporting profits. – It involves ascertaining marginal costs which is the difference of fixed cost and variable cost. – The operating costs are differentiated into fixed costs and variable costs. Semi variable costs are also divided in the individual components of fixed cost and variable cost. – Fixed costs which remain constant regardless of the volume of production do not find place in the product cost determination and inventory valuation. Fixed costs are treated as period charge and are written off to the profit and loss account in the period incurred. – Only variable costs are taken into consideration while computing the product cost. – Prices of products are based on variable cost only. – Marginal contribution decides the profit ability of the products. What are the limitations of Marginal Costing? The limitations of Marginal Costing: – The classification of total costs into fixed and variable cost is difficult. – In this technique fixed costs are totally eliminated for the valuation of inventory of finished and semi-finished goods. Such elimination affects the profitability adversely. – In marginal costing historical data is used while management decisions are related to future events. – It does not provide any standard for the evaluation of performance. – Selling price fixed on the basis of marginal cost will be useful only for short period of time. – Assessment of profitability on the marginal cost base can be used only in the short period of time. What is Cost Volume-Profit relationship? Cost Volume-Profit (CVP) relationship is an analysis which studies the relationships between the following factors and its impact on the amount of profits. Selling price per unit and total sales amount †¢ Total cost which may be in any form i. e. fixed cost or Variable cost. -Volume of sales In simple words, CVP is a management accounting tool that expresses relationship among total sales, total cost and profit. Cost Volume-Profit relationship is one of the important techniques of cost and ma nagement accounting. It is a powerful tool which furnishes the complete picture of the profit structure and helps in planning of profits. It can also answer what if type of questions by telling the volume required to produce. This concept is relevant in all decision making areas, particularly in the short run. Explain P/V ratio and Contribution. P/V Ratio: P/V Ratio (Profit Volume Ratio) is the ratio of contribution to sales which indicates the contribution earned with respect to one rupee of sales. It also measures the rate of change of profit due to change in volume of sales. Its fundamental property is that if per unit sales price and variable cost are constant then P/V Ratio will be constant at all the levels of activities. A change in fixed cost does not affect P/V Ratio. It is calculated as under: Contribution * 100) / Sales (Change in profits * 100) / (Change in sales) A high P/V Ratio indicates that a slight increase in sales without increase in fixed costs will result in higher profits. A low P/V ratio which indicates low profitability can be improved by increasing selling price, reducing marginal costs or selling products having high P/V ratio. Contribution: It is the difference between sales re venue and variable cost (also known as variable cost). Variable cost is the important cost in deciding profitability as fixed costs are ignored by marginal costing. It can be expressed in two ways: Sales Revenue – Variable Cost †¢ Fixed Cost + Profit The situation generating higher contribution is treated as a profitable situation. Explain Break Even Point. How does BEP help in making business decision? Break Even Point (BEP) is a volume of sales where there is neither loss nor profit. That means contribution is enough to cover the fixed costs. Thus, we can say that Contribution = Fixed Cost Any contribution generated after BEP will directly result into profits as the fixed costs are fully covered now. BEP can be computed in two ways: In terms of Quantity- Fixed Costs / Contribution per unit In terms of Amount- (Fixed Costs) / (P/V Ratio) BEP (Break Even Point) is the situation where there is neither loss nor profit. At this stage, the contribution is enough to cover the fixed costs i. e contribution is equal to fixed cost. Contribution generated after the break even point will result in profits for the organisation. Profit maximization is the motive of every organisation. Thus, every organisation use BEP as a base to take various decisions in regard to its sales volume and tries to increase it so that total fixed costs can be covered as early as possible and more profits can be earned. Explain Margin of Safety. Margin of Safety is the amount of sales which generates profit. In other words, sales beyond Break Even Point are known as Margin of Safety. It is calculated as the difference between total sales and the break even sales. It can be expressed in monetary terms or number of units. It can be expressed as below: Margin of Safety = Sales – Break Even Sales = Sales – {(Fixed Cost) / (P/V Ratio)} = ((Sales * (P/V) Ratio) – Fixed Cost) / (P/V) Ratio = (Contribution – Fixed Cost) / (P/V) Ratio = Profit / (P/V) Ratio The size of margin of safety is an extremely important guide to the financial strength of a business. If margin of safety is large, which indicates that BEP is much below the actual sales, that means business is in a sound condition and reduction in sales will not affect the profit of the business. On the other hand, if margin of safety is low, any loss of sales may be a serious matter. Thus, efforts need to be made to reduce fixed costs, variable costs or increasing the selling price or sales volume to improve contribution and overall P/V Ratio. How to cite Marginal Costing, Essay examples

Project Time Management Schedule

Question: What is the importance of Project Time Management for Scheduling the Project through PERT CPM? Answer: Introduction Project time management is very much important for scheduling the all the activities related with the project. It is more difficult job for project manager to manage a large scale based project which needs coordination of numerous activities. It is known that the management of project involves the activities of planning, co-ordination, monitoring control and review of the performance of number of inter-related tasks with limited resources. Apart from studying the inter-relations, the project manger has to know the consequences of deviations from the initial plan in order to take appropriate corrective measures on the effect of delay in one task on the other tasks. Project manager are compelled to look for dependable dynamic planning, scheduling, control and monitoring devices. Network techniques are primarily used in project management, particularly in dealing with non-repetitive operations. Network techniques are nothing now, as most managers have been using such techniques in one form or the other in project management by calling them, commonsense which is uncommon (Trietsch Baker, 2012). Most managers face enormous increase in the complexity of their work, and face problems of uncertainty while tackling futuristic situations. The network specifically deals with these situations. Network techniques provide the help a manger needs, when he is defining the complex relationship that exists in sequencing and time between many jobs and planned elements of work. Thereafter, during the execution of the project, the inevitable slippages from planned schedule occur. Network analysis enables the project manager to determine the importance of these deviations by taking the most cost-effective measures after adequate monitoring, evaluation and control (Oberlender, 2014). This study contains the importance and all the aspects of PERT/CPM for the time management of the project. Research Questions Research questions are considered to be useful in understanding the topic of the research in a much easy and well manner. The research question focus on the area of analysis which can help to gain the relevant and useful information according to the topic selected. The research questions for the current study are as follows: What are the importance of PERT/CPM for scheduling the project? What time is needed to complete the entire activities of the project? What are the starts and end times or each activity? Which critical activities needed to complete according to the schedule to meet the estimated time for the completion of project? Which critical path is best for the completion of all activities with minimum cost? Relevance Value The advancing technological revolution of space age has brought an explosive growth of a new of planning and controlling techniques (Young, 2010). Much of the development work has done in defence sector, but construction, chemical and other industries have also played a crucial role. These techniques are network based planning and control procedures and known as PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique). PERT The requisites of PERT are important if the system is to be used effectively in Project Management. The project goal needs to be clearly and unambiguously identified; all the individual tasks in a given program need to be visualized in a logical manner, creating a work-break structure (Dinsmore Cabanis-Brewin, 2011). These are put in a network flow diagram, which is comprised of events and activities; the duration of an activity, except in a time-scale network, is not presented by the length of the line. An activity succeeding an event cannot occur until all activities leading to all it is accomplished (Bielefeld, 2009). Image 1 All activity paths need to be completed by appropriate events, and a description of each activity needs to be written above the arrow linking the events. Emphasis is laid on defining events and activities with precision so there is no difficulty in monitoring actual accomplishment (Ju Xie, 2009). Events and activities need to be sequenced in the network under a logical set of ground rules which allow the determination of the critical paths, and all constraints, and interdependencies need to be clearly shown in the diagram (Ash Pittman, 2008). The numbering of events can be forward or backward, depending upon whether the network diagram begins from the starting point or the ending point. Image 2 Steps of PERT PERT network analysis consists of following steps: Clearly defining the goal of the project. Obtaining a work-break structure to set a individual jobs, and arranging them in a logical fashion Estimating the job duration, making provisions for optimistic and pessimistic schedules. Identifying the resource requirement constraints Locating the schedule of dates for each activity by planning a detailed control structure Preparing project control systems, and identifying the requirements of progress reports for different levels of management Developing the critical path and slack times Crashing the time-optimum cost levels on the basis of costs Updating the network continuously by systematized methods Monitoring, evaluating and reviewing the network continuously. Image 3 Benefit of PERT PERT gives management ability to plan the best possible use of resources to achieve a given goal within the overall time and cost limitations. It enables the project executives to manage the a variety of programs, as opposed to repetitive production system; it helps the project manager to handle the uncertainties involved in programming where no standard time data are available; it utilizes the time network analysis as a base method of approach to determine the manpower, material, machinery and capital requirements (Onofri Spagnuolo, 2014). PERT is an effective mechanism for planning, scheduling and coordinating the different activities in project buying. PERT enables the optimum utilization of the resources by their transfer from the slack to busy segments in the network in order to accomplish the stipulated goal. It is useful for pre-crisis planning and buying when the force majeur clauses are operative because the responsibilities to project executives are allocated well in advance to tackle such emergencies (Kim, Kim Dong, 2014). PERT is one of the most important techniques of scientific management in project planning with the minimum possible scheduling time and use of resources. Inefficiencies in personal loading can be removed by the proper use of slack activities; lead can be analyzed, thus expediting the work schedules (Dolabi, Afshar Abbasnia, 2014). PERT network reveals the interdependencies and problem areas which are not obvious or not well defined by the conventional methods. On the basis of three time estimates, the PERT network caters to the intricacies of uncertainties that confront the decision-makers. Construction of PERT The construction of PERT involves the identification of activities connecting to the necessary events of the system in a sequence which culminates in the completion of a project. The PERT network is flow plan consisting of the activities and events that must be completed to reach the goal of the program together with their interdependencies and inter-relations (Baradaran, Ghomi, Mobini Hashemin, 2010). It shows, orderly, step by step, series of activities carried out in a logical sequence to reach the goal. The events from the foundation for describing the activities included in them events describe the beginning or the completion of one or more activities. The activities are the channels of flow of the network and the manager can control this flow of material, investment, expenses, human efforts, time spent, etc to achieve the final project goal (Sears, Sears Clough, 2010). Image 4 Critical Path and Management Decision It is evident that delay in any of the activities on the critical path will delay the entire project. However, the activities for which positive slack time is available can be performed at a slower pace, thereby releasing the some of the resources for use in critical activities, provided the all activities are interchangeable (Kerzner, 2009). If the total duration of the project is to be reduced for some reason, the activities to be considered will be the ones on the critical path. The activities falling on the next longest path trace the subcritical path. The most economic time with minimum cost is the only resource under consideration. Ensuring earliest project completion often means conscious and deliberate acceptance of inconvenience, higher cost and deviations from the established practices (Adegoke, 2011). The project management environment is never static and undergoes rapid changes. All efforts at planning, budgeting, scheduling and forecasting are directed at anticipating future outcomes based on the decision taken today. Since the future seldom turns out to be what was expected, there is a constant and urgent need to assess the projections and correct the commitment of resources. Management of costs in a project tries to achieve this objective by the deviations and providing the mid-course correction. Methodology Methodology contains the detail research techniques to analyze the importance of PERT and CPM for scheduling the project. For this current research study application of the deductive approach is literally intrinsic which let the researcher perform the study more intrinsically. Evaluation of the information and the data collected in account of the primary research work, deductive research approach seems to be essentially bold (Al-Begain, Fiems Knottenbelt, 2010). Application of descriptive design is literally helpful for this research particular research work. Application of both qualitative and quantitative approach of this research work is essential for this research work. Research design helps in explaining the framework of the research topic that will help in selection of the collection and analysis pattern. During the process of data collection, a particular kind of approach is applied that helps in better description of the research design. Kinds of research design used in academic research pattern are exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. For this particular research work the researcher is going to seek for the necessary attributes from the different parts. At the same time the researcher does not. The extent of influence imparted by PERT and CPM for scheduling the project is rightly scrutinized with the help of descriptive design with selection of descriptive design(Rose, 2009). There are two kinds of data: Primary Data and Secondary Data. Primary data are collected directly from the respondents, which indicate that the study is more valid and reliable. In case of secondary sources, data are used as widening the concept of research topic that also enables better study of the topic as it involves more data and description (Munier, Jimenez-Saez Fernandez-Diego, 2013). Here, the data is collected from secondary source. The data collected via secondary sources. Secondary source includes both the online and offline sources like journals, articles, books, websites, blogs and others. Excel package is used for the calculation and represent the data properly. Traditional method of PERT is used for network drawing. Slack of the activities is calculated to find out the critical path. The three times are estimated such optimistic, most likely and pessimistic. The expected time is calculated on the basis of these three times by using the normal formula. Expected Results PERT and CPM analysis for taking decision of make or buy in project purchasing Activities Preceding Event Succeeding Event Activity Times (Week) Event Times (Week) Slack (Week) i j to tm tp te TE TL a Obtain detailed specifications and prepare Engineering Drawings 1 2 2 7.5 16 8 8 8 - b Preparing purchasing specification and send enquiries for subassembly 2 4 2 4 12 5 13 13 - c Same 2 5 2 4 6 4 12 12 - d Compute manufacturing costs for subassembly 2 3 1 3.5 9 4 12 14 2 e Same 2 6 1 2.5 6.5 3 11 14 3 f Get quotation for subassembly 4 7 4 5.5 10 6 19 21 2 g Same 5 8 4 8 12 8 20 20 - h Review and approval of costs for sub assembly 3 7 1 5 9 5 19 21 2 i Same 6 8 3 6 9 6 20 20 - j Evaluation of quotations for subassembly 7 9 1.5 3 4.5 3 22 24 2 k Same 8 9 1 4 7 4 24 24 - l Make or Buy Decision 9 10 1 2 3 2 26 26 - Image 5 There are three time estimates for each activity: optimistic (to), most likely (tm) and pessimistic (tp). The expected time (te) is calculated from those time estimates. It is calculated by using following formula: te = [(to+ 4tm + tp)/6] After the network is constructed and the critical path is determined, based on the mean time estimate for each activity, variance plays an important role (Saxena, 2011). It may be recollected that the total duration of the project is the sum of the performance times of the activities in the critical path. The expected elapsed time is required to perform each activity in the network based on the normal working condition, number of hours, shifts, etc. After determining of the expected elapsed times, these time estimates are cumulated from start through the completion of various paths. It is convenient to keep T(E) of the start event zero so that it can be scaled to any date. The earliest completion time under normal condition is the commission of the project in 26 days. In computing the latest allowable time T(L), one works backward from the completion of time for each event, and this is obtained by subtracting the expected elapsed time estimate from the final goal and moving backwards through the various paths. If the project has to be completed in 26 days, T(E) and T(L) will coincide at event 10. Thus the chart is analyzed by adding the estimated times each of many paths from the beginning to the end of the job. In forward pass for converging activities in junctions, the largest value of T(E) is taken; while in backward pass in the reverse direction, for converging values, the smallest value of T(L) is taken. Thus, for every event there are two values T(E) and T(L). T(E) is the result of forward pass, and T(L) is the result of backward pass. Wherever, these two values coincide, the commencement of that activity cannot be postponed without introducing delay in the completion of the project. This value is called slack. This positive difference gives the margin of time by which the commencement of an activity can be deliberately delayed without dislocating the total duration of the project (Baker Trietsch, 2009). The events with zero slack are identified as critical events, and the path that passes through the critical events is the critical path. The critical path activities together make up one or more continuous paths from the initial to the terminal event. Such a path is termed as critical path. The total slack of any non-critical activity measures the total time by which the activity can be delayed, without affecting the earliest start time of any of the critical activities in the network (Vanhoucke, 2012). The free slack help in measuring the amount of time by an activity can be delayed without affecting the earliest start time of any other activity in the network. The activities that fall on the events of zero slack, trace the critical path. In this project, the critical path is the one along the activities 1, 2, 5, 8, 9 and 10. It implies that each activity in the path is critical, for a delay in any of the events in this path will cause the entire project to fall behind schedule and, thus, defeat the purpose unless additional resources and personnel are available. Conclusion In the conclusion it can be said that time management is required to complete the project properly covering all the activities. PERT CPM technique is very useful technique to analyze and to schedule the all the activities in the project. Reference List Al-Begain, K., Fiems, D., Knottenbelt, W. (2010). Analytical and stochastic modeling techniques and applications. Berlin: Springer. Ash, R., Pittman, P. (2008). Towards holistic project scheduling using critical chain methodology enhanced with PERT buffering. IJPOM, 1(2), 185. doi:10.1504/ijpom.2008.022191 Baker, K., Trietsch, D. (2009). Principles of sequencing and scheduling. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Baradaran, S., Fatemi Ghomi, S., Mobini, M., Hashemin, S. (2010). A hybrid scatter search approach for resource-constrained project scheduling problem in PERT-type networks. Advances In Engineering Software, 41(7-8), 966-975. doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2010.05.010 Bielefeld, B. (2009). Construction scheduling. Basel: Birkhauser. Dinsmore, P., Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2011). The AMA handbook of project management. New York: American Management Association. Ju, C., Xie, Y. (2009). An Extended CPM for Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling. AMR, 69-70, 695-699. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.695 Kerzner, H. (2009). Project management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Kim, B., Kim, J., Dong, J. (2014). Application of PERT/CPM in dental practice. J Korean Acad Prosthodont, 52(3), 186. doi:10.4047/jkap.2014.52.3.186 Munier, N., Jime nez-Sa ez, F., Ferna ndez-Diego, M. (2013). Project management for environmental, construction and manufacturing engineers. Dordrecht: Springer. Oberlender, G. (2014). Project management for engineering and construction. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. Onofri, S., Spagnuolo, C. (2014). Project Time Management: gestione per fasi e timeboxing. Project Manager (IL), (17), 43-46. doi:10.3280/pm2014-017011 Rose, K. (2009). Researching the value of project management. Project Management Journal, 40(1), 139-139. doi:10.1002/pmj.20105 Saxena, P. (2011). Modeling and simulation. Oxford, U.K.: Alpha Science International Ltd. Sears, S., Sears, G., Clough, R. (2010). Construction Project Management. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Sule Adegoke, A. (2011). Measuring Process Effectiveness Using Cpm/Pert. IJBM, 6(6). doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n6p286 Trietsch, D., Baker, K. (2012). PERT 21: Fitting PERT/CPM for use in the 21st century. International Journal Of Project Management, 30(4), 490-502. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.09.004 Vanhoucke, M. (2012). Project management with dynamic scheduling. Berlin: Springer. Young, T. (2010). Successful project management. London: Kogan Page. Zolfaghar Dolabi, H., Afshar, A., Abbasnia, R. (2014). CPM/LOB Scheduling Method for Project Deadline Constraint Satisfaction. Automation In Construction, 48, 107-118. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2014.09.003

crazy stuff Essays - Index Of Abkhazia-related Articles,

PK ! , [Content_Types].xml ?(? [emailprotected]~`C?MrL q ^'H?Eq?X?"b~od]?m.aYVH*?b?Jl ?ld?I?W( 2[emailprotected]gu?"m]#][emailprotected]yWv-?7H?x'-zp+A~^?w m?%r`.?= [emailprotected]?{u?=ms5?G`[emailprotected]^l?}?]?u?gcc6?GR/?/ PK ! N _rels/.rels ?(? JAa?}7? "H?w"w ?P?^O;aY`G?kxmPY?[g G?ino?/1A$>"f3TISWY [emailprotected]X6_?]7~ fao?.b*lI?r?j)?,l0?%b? 6?iD?_,|u?Z^t?y?;!Y,}{?C/h> PK ! } ? word/_rels/document.xml.rels ?(? N?0E?H?C?=qSRl?v?'[emailprotected]?Gw|[Z?$?G$?i.T9?,2 R?K=H%[FNE%?6+?b6?5(w'?b?JS?ekV ?Fj?d-xJ]($?D!B"4-3D%?C?%!?g?E]=x?8KBLBJc3u] (%mI!}OF.?EP?.?J!X=|?^s?"$HO m PK ! XY ? word/document.xml?]?r?H?} vM?)Y?6'tn?8s(?h(.b7?O?K,?$hiB?]@?P'3(THg]NmH?wEQ`?Az?Ge3QeKmf?9?ra3CySvY?x}?q6j-0?y}? oi~?X?(t?^OR,~73D:?W?P:?x],?{?1?Zs1?,MD-. 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Graphic Organizers in Special Ed Classrooms

Graphic Organizers in Special Ed Classrooms Special education students often need support in organizing their thoughts and completing multi-stage tasks. Children with sensory processing issues, autism or dyslexia can easily become overwhelmed by the prospect of writing a short essay or even answering questions about material they have read. Graphic organizers  can be effective ways to  help typical and atypical learners alike. The visual presentation is a unique way to show students the material they are learning, and can appeal to those who are not auditory learners. They also make it easy for you as a teacher to assess and understand their thinking skills. How to Choose a Graphic Organizer Find a graphic organizer thats best suited to the lesson youll teach. Below are typical examples of graphic organizers, along with with links to PDFs that you can print out. KWL Chart   KWL stands for know, want to know and learn. Its an easy-to-use chart that helps students brainstorm information for essay questions or reports. Use it before, during and after the lesson to allow students to measure their success. Theyll be amazed by how much theyve learned. Venn Diagram Adapt this mathematical diagram to highlight similarities between two things. For back to school, use it to talk about how two students spent their summer vacations. Or, turn it upside down and use the kinds of vacations- camping, visiting grandparents, going to the beach- to identify students who have things in common. Double Cell Venn Also known as a double bubble chart, this Venn diagram is adapted to describe the similarities and differences in characters in a story. Its designed to help students compare and contrast. Concept Web You may have hear concept webs called story maps. Use them to help students break down the components of a story they have read. Use an organizer to track elements such as the characters, setting, problems or solutions. This is a particularly adaptable organizer.   For example, put a character in the center and use it to map the attributes of the character. A problem in the plot can be in the center, with the different ways characters try to solve the problem. Or simply label the center beginning and have the students list the premise of the story: where it takes place, who are the characters, when is the action of the story set.   Sample Agenda Type List For children for whom remaining at task is an ongoing problem, dont underestimate the simple effectiveness of an agenda. Laminate a copy and have her affix it to her desk. For an extra boost to visual learners, use images to augment the words on the planner. (This one can help teachers, too!)

THERAPUTIC HYPOTHERMIA FOR NEUROPROTECTION POST ADULT CARDIAC ARREST Essay

THERAPUTIC HYPOTHERMIA FOR NEUROPROTECTION POST ADULT CARDIAC ARREST - Essay Example Once these ischemic injuries set in, they leave patients with symptoms including high body temperature and other neurological dysfunctions. In such cases, the need to find protective interventions to deal with these aftermath effects becomes highly important and urgent. In this paper, one critical intervention to dealing with post adult cardiac arrest, which has effects like risk of ischemic injury to tissue, which is therapeutic hypothermia discussed for its effectiveness and efficiency as a care approach. Neurological anatomy and physiology is discussed due to the relationship between neurological wellbeing and post cardiac arrest. As Arrich, Holzer, Havel, Mà ¼llner and Herkner (2012) note, â€Å"Good neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest is hard to achieve†. An understanding of the neurological anatomy and physiology will therefore make it possible to know why this is so and how this situation can effectively be tackled using therapeutic hypothermia. Quote (year) explained that neurological system comprises of two major components, which are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Whereas the PNS is mainly made up of nerves that exit from the spinal cord, the CNS comprises the brain, the spinal cord, and the cranial nerves. Three major organs can therefore be anatomically and physiologically identified, which are brain, spinal cord and the vertebral column. Functionally, the brain is responsible for functions including â€Å"imagination, memory, speech, and limb movements to secretion hormones and control of various organs within the body† (Sehati, 2009). These functions are however made possible by the collective functioning of other cells, tissues and organs including brain cells, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (csf), ventricles, brainstem, thalamus, cerebellum, lobes, cerebrum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, pineal gland, and cranial

Personality Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Personality Assessment - Essay Example Personality assessment is also vehemently supportive in the treatment process of the individuals; it is therefore the counselors and therapists lay stress upon knowing the domestic, environmental, racial, ethnic and religious background of the patients before starting the treatment procedure. Now, the counselors have also started enquiring about the sexual orientation of the individuals, as such kind of information is pertinent for the recommendation of treatment process of the patients. Personality predicts how a person will work—diligently, intelligently, cheerfully, and cooperatively. Personality affects the style or manner in which a person approaches his/her work; to the degree that a person must work with others—clients or fellow employees—this style matters greatly. (hoganassessments.com) INTP, INTJ, ENFJ, ENFP and others are the prominent personality categories, assessment of which is based upon the theoretical framework of the illustrious 20th century ps ychologist Karl Jung. Since personality assessment diagnosis is a very sensitive issue, the questionnaire must be developed in such a way that it should not hurt the feelings of the patient altogether.

Why Sudanese are seeking Asylum in the United States Research Paper

Why Sudanese are seeking Asylum in the United States - Research Paper Example For instance, some seek political asylum based on their political opinions. Others are seeking for asylum to regain their freedom, while others are in need of seeking for better lives for them and their families (Tim and Ibrahim 23). It is evident that most Sudanese are seeking asylum from the United States for the sake of their protection from their governments, seek desired freedom, and leads better lives. As a result, the US government is determined to ensure that the well-being of these Sudanese is maintained (Huang 63). With the various types of asylum that the US government is offering to them, the Sudanese are able to lead better lives, with a peace of mind and thus they are able to maximize on their potential (Refugee Council USA 1). This is because with the current level of political unrest in their country, realizing their full potential becomes difficult due to the various shortcomings present (Suess 45). However, the successful ones who gain the asylum in the United States are protected from all the negativities that arise in their

Effect of Oxidative Stress in Fertile and Non Fertile Women

Effect of Oxidative Stress in Fertile and Non Fertile Women 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS The materials and methods used in the study entitled â€Å"Comparative study of effect of oxidative stress in fertile and non fertile women† was carried out in the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad. The detail of experimental techniques employed is as follows: MATERIALS STUDY AREA The blood sample of infertile and fertile selected married females having child bearing age (25-35yrs) without any metabolic disorder from different gynecologist clinical hospitals and infertility centers of Allahabad. COLLECTION OF SAMPLE AND SITE OF EXPERIMENT: The present study was carried out by collecting venous blood sample (5ml) of fertile and non fertile selected married females in Allahabad. Group-I 250 normal healthy fertile women without any metabolic disorder, Group-II 250 infertile female without any metabolic disorder. All the subject of the two groups were between the age group 25-35 yrs. 3.2 Glassware: All the glassware used were washed properly with detergent and rinsed with distill water and autoclaved prior to use. Fig.3.1: Flow chart for fertile and infertile females Instrumentation: The following instruments were used during the course of study Autoclave Centrifuge Balance (Remi) Cooling centrifuge (remi C-28) Hot air oven (tempo) Homogenizer Incubator Micropipette tips (100 and 1000  µl) pH meter Spectrophotometer Weighing balance Centrifuge Colorimeter Routine Investigation The routine investigation of the subject include BMI and weight and history which was taken by asking the subjects to fill a from including 9their approval to be a part of the study. 3.5 Routine biochemical analysis:- All of the blood sample were analyzed for 3.5.1 Evaluation of Routine biochemical Parmeters:- Hb : By Sahli (acid hematin) method. Blood Sugar :By GOD/POD method Glycosylated Hb : By Cation method Serum Protein:Biuret method Serum lipid profile Serum Total Cholesterol : By Autopack Kit Method Serum Triglyceride : By Autopack Kit Method Serum HDL Cholesterol : By Autopack Kit Method Serum LDL cholesterol : Friedwald method Serum VLDL cholesterol : Friedwald method 3.5.2 Thyroid Profile:- Serum T3 :ELISA Method Serum T4 :ELISA Method Serum TSH :ELISA Method 3.5.3 Female Reproductive hormones: Serum Estrogen: :ELISA Method Serum Progesteron: :ELISA Method Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) :ELISA Method 3.5.4 Oxidative Stress marker:- Melondialdehyde (MDA): By the santos (1978)method 3.5.5 Antoioxidant level:- Catalase: Brannan (1981) method Ceruloplasmin: By Spectrophotometric method Superoxide dimutase (SOD): By Mishra and Fridovich (1972)Method Estimation protocol of routine biochemical protocol : The body weight and height was calculated manually with the help of weight balance and length scale respectively. Body mass index (BMI): The Body mass index was calculated when body weight is divided by the square of height. 3.5.1 Estimation of Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin reacts with0.1N hydrochloric acid and forms a brown colour complex called hematin.The resulting color after dilution is compared with standard brown glass reference blocks of a sahli hemoglobinometer. Reagent: N hydrochloric acid. Distilled water. Procedure:- By using pasture pipette add 0.1N hydrochloric acid in the tube up to the mark 20 Add 20ul blood to the tube. Leave the solution for 10 mins. Dilute the solution by adding few drops of distill water at a time till the color matches with the glass plate in the comparator. Read the reading. Normal value: In female: 12-14mg/dl In males: 14-16 mg/dl 3.5.2 Estimation of Blood Glucose: Estimation of blood glucose was carried out by using commercial available GOD-POD glucose reagent kit (Autospan, Span diagnostic limited, Surat, India). Glucose oxidase (GOD) oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. In presence of enzyme peroxidase, released H2O2 is coupled with phenol and 4-aminoanrttipyrine (4-AAP) to form coloured quinoneimine dye. The absorbance of dye is directed proportional to glucose concentration in the sample (Kaplan, 1984) Glucose + O2 + H2O Gluconic acid+ H2 O2 H2O2 + phenol + 4-AAP Qinoneimine Dye + H2O Reagents: 1) Glucose reagent Phosphate buffer Glucose Oxidase Peroxidase 4-amino antipyrine. 2) Glucose diluents 3) Glucose standard Procedure:- Preparation of working Solution: All the reagent are ready -to-use. Pipette into test tube marked Blank Standard Test Serum/plasma 20  µl Cholesterol Standard 20  µl Mix well and incubate at 37 C for 10 minutes at room temp Distilled water 1500  µl 1500  µl 1500  µl The absorbance of the test was taken after standard at 490-550 nm. Calculation: Serum/plasma glucose concentration (mg/dl) = Absorbance of test x 100(Conc. of Std) Absorbance of Std Normal Range: Fasting glucose: 65-110mg/dlPost Prandial: Upto140 mg/dl. 3.5.3 Estimation of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) The Glycosylated hemoglobin was estimated by (ion exchange resin method) commercially available kit (ERBA Diagnostic Mannheim, Transasisa Bio-Medicals limited, Solan India).A hemolysed preparation of the whole blood is mixed continuously for 5 min with a weak binding cation resin. During this time, HbAo binds to the resin. After the mixing period, a filter is used to separate the supernatant containing the Glycohaemoglobin from resin (Trivelli et al 1971) Hemolysed whole+ Cation exchange resin Fast Fraction Blood separation ( HbA1a,HbA1c,HbA1c) Reagents: Glycohaemoglobin Ion Exchange Resin Reagent Cation-Exchange Resin (8mg/ml) Glycohaemoglobin Lysing Reagent Lysing Agent (10 m M) Glycohaemoglobin Calibrator Calibrator (10%) PROCEDURE: The reaction mixture contained 500 µL Lysing Reagent and 100  µL whole blood and another tube 500  µL Lysing Reagent and 100  µL Calibrator mix and allow it to stand for 5 minutes till lysis is complete. Add 0.1 ml of the hemolysate from step-1 into the approximately marked Ion-Exchange Resin tubes. Close the cap and allow continuous gentle mixing for 5 minutes. Allow the resin to settle to assay temperature for 5 minutes. Position the resin separator in the tube and push down the separators until the resin is firmly packed. Read the absorbance of each tube at 415 nm against deionised water bank. For the fraction of hemoglobin add 20  µL sample hemolysate in 5.0 ml deionised water in calibrator 20  µL Calibrator Hemolysate in 5.0 ml deionised water, mix well and read the absorbance of calibrator and sample at 415 nm against deionised water. Normal Range: 6- 8.3 % Hb 3.5.4 Estimation of Serum Protein: The protein was estimated (Biuret method, End method) by commercially available kit (ERBA diagnostic Mannheim, Transasia Bio-Medicals Limited, Solan, India). The peptide bonds of protein react with copper II ion in alkaline solution to form blue violet color complex, (biuret reaction). Tartarate is added as a stabilizer whilist iodide is used to prevent auto-reduction of the alkaline cooper complex. The absorbance of color complex is proportional to protein concentration (Tietz 1986) Reagents: Total reagent Copper II sulphate Potassium Sodium Tartarate Potassium Iodide Sodium Hydroxide Protein standard Procedure:- Preparation of working Solution: All the reagents are ready -to-use. Pipette into test tube marked Blank Standard Test Serum/plasma 20  µl Protein Standard 20  µl Total protein reagent 1000  µl 1000  µl 1000  µl The absorbance of the test was taken after standard at 546 nm. Calculation: Serum/plasma total protein concentration (g/dl) = Absorbance of test x 6.5 Absorbance of Std Normal Range: Serum Total protein : 6.4-7.8 g/dl 3.5.5 Estimation of lipid profile: Determination of total cholesterol in serum/plasma: Method Name: CHOD-PAP method Principle: Cholesterol esters are hydrolyzed by Cholesterol Esterase (CE) to give free Cholesterol and fatty acids. In subsequent reaction , cholesterol oxidase (CHOD) oxidizes the 3-OH group of free Cholesterol to liberate cholest-4-en-3-one and Hydrogen Peroxide. In presence of Peroxidase (POD), Hydrogen Peroxide couple with 4-Amonoantipyrine (4-AAP) and phenol to produce red Quinoneimine dye . Absorbance of colored dye is measured at 505 nm and is proportional to amount of total cholesterol concentration in the sample. Procedure: Preparation of working Solution: All the reagent are ready -to-use. Pipette into test tube marked Blank Standard Test Serum/plasma 10 µl Cholesterol Standard 10  µl Cholesterol Reagent 1000  µl 1000  µl 1000  µl Mix well. Incubate at 37’c for 10 minutes or at room temperature (15-30’c) for 30 minutes. Read the absorbance of the sample Standard against blank. Calculation: Cholesterol concentration (mg/dl) = Absorbance of test x 200(Conc. of Std) Aborbance of Std Normal Range: 150-250 mg/dl. 3.5.6 Determination of HDL Cholesterol in serum/plasma: Method Name: CHOD-PAP Principle: Low density Lipoprotiens (LDL) Cholesterol, Very Low Density Lipoprotiens (VLDL) cholesterol and Chylomicron fractions are precipitated by addition of polyethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG) .After Centrifugation, the High Density Lipoprotien (HDL) Fraction in the supernatant is determined with CHOD-PAP method. Procedure: Preparation of working Solution: All the reagent are ready -to-use. STEP-I: HDL-Cholesterol separation Take 0.5 ml of serum /plasma in to a glass tube. Add 50ul precipitating reagent. Mix well; leave it for 10 min at room temperature. Centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Take the clear supernatant for HDL-Cholesterol. STEP-II: HDL-Cholesterol Estimation. Pipette into test tube marked Blank Standard Test Supernatant form step-I _ _ 10 ul HDL-Cholesterol Standard _ 10 ul _ Cholesterol Reagent 1000 ul 1000 ul 1000 ul Mix Well. Incubate at 37’c for 5 minutes or at Room temperature (15-30 ºC) for 30 minutes.. Read the absorbance of the sample Standard against blank at 510 nm. Calculation: HDL-Cholesterol concentration (mg%)= Absorbance of test x 200(Conc. of Std) Absorbance of Std Normal Range: Men=30-60 mg%, Women= 40-70 mg%. 3.5.7 Estimation of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) LDL= Total Triglyceride HDL 5-HDL LDL cholesterol were obtained by calculation using the empirical relationships of (Friedwald et.al.1995) 3.5.8 Estimation of Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) VLDL =Total triglycerides/5 VLDL cholesterol were obtained by calculations using the empirical relationships of (Freidwald et.al 1995) 3.5.9 Determination of Triglyceride in serum/plasma: Method Name: GPO-TRINDER Principle: Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acid. The glycerol formed with ATP in the presence of glycerol Kinase forms Glycerol 3 Phosphate which is oxidized by the enzyme glycerol phosphate oxidase to form hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide further reacts with phenolic compound and 4-aminoantioyrine by the catalytic action of peroxidase to form a red coloured quinoneimine dye complex. Intensity of the colour formed is directly proportional to the amount of triglycerides present in the sample. The intensity of chromogen (Quinoneimine) formed is proportional to the Triglyceride in the sample when measured at 505nm (500-540nm). Preparation of working Solution: Allow the reagent bottle and AQUA-4 to attain room temperature .Add the amount of AQUA-4 indicated on the label to the contents of each vial. Swirl to dissolve, allow to stand for 10 min at room temperature. Procedure: STEP-II: HDL-Cholesterol Estimation. Pipette into test tube marked Blank Standard Test Working reagent 1000 ul 1000 ul 1000 ul Distill Water 10 ul _ _ Standard 10 ul Sample 10 ul Mix Well. Incubate at 37’c for 10 minutes. Read the absorbance of the sample Standard against blank at 505 nm (500-540nm) or 505/670nm on bichromic analysers against reagent blank. Calculation: Triglyceride (mg/dl) = Absorbance of test x Conc. of Std (mg/dl) Absorbance of Std Normal Range: Normal fasting levels: 25-160mg/dl. Oxidative stress marker : 3.6.1. Determination of Melon di aldehyde (MDA) in serum/plasma: Reagents required: Tricholoro acetic acid TCA Sulfuric Acid HCL Sodium sulfate N-Butanol 5-1,1,1,3,3 Tetra Ethoxypro-pane (Standard) Procedure: Malondialdehyde (MDA) Assay: Lipid peroxidation in the plasma is evaluated by the spectrophotometric method based on the reaction between MDA and Thiobituric acid (TBARS). Briefly, to 0.5 ml plasma, 2.5 of 20% tricholoro acetic acid (TCA) in 2M sodium sulfate is added. After precipitating the protein with TCA and washing with 0.05sulfuric acid. It was incubated in a boiling water bath for 30 min. After cooling, the samples are exactracted with n-butaneol and centrifuged at 3500rpm. The absorbance of samples is determined at 530nm. Calculation: TBARS (A) =10 x OD of sample/OD of control (Blank) x mg/ml protein. ) Normal Range: 0.5-2.0 nmol/ml 3.7. Estimation of enzymatic antioxidants: 3.7.1 Estimation of SOD activity in serum/plasma: Reagents required: Carbonate buffer (0.2M) Kcl (0.015 M) Epinephrine (0.025M) Preparation of the sample: Collect blood without using an anticoagulant such as heparin, citrate or EDTA. Allow blood to clot for 30 minutes at 25à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼C Centrifuge the blood at 2000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼c.Pipette off the top yellow serum layer without disturbing the white Buffy layer. Procedure: 1 .The reaction mixture composed of 0.1 ml of carbonate buffer (0.2M, pH 10.2), 0.8ml KCl (0.015 M) 0.1 ml of diluted blood and water to make the final volume to 3.0 ml. 2. The reaction was started by adding 0.2 ml of epinephrine (0.025 M). 3. Change in absorbance was recorded at 480 nm at 15 sec interval for 1 min at 25à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼C.(UV-1800 SHIMADZU)Suitable control lacking enzyme preparation was run simultaneously.( Mishra and Fridivicl;1972). Calculation: one unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme causing 50% inhibition of auto oxidant of epinephrine under experimental condition. SOD Activity= Normal range: 12-16 unit/mg protein 3.7.2 Estimation of Ceruloplasmin activity in serum/plasma: At pH 5.4, ceruloplasmin catalyzes the oxidation of PPD to yield a colored product, which is believed to correspond either to Bandrowski’s base or to Wuerster’s red . The rate of formation of the colored oxidation product is proportional to the concentration of serum ceruloplasmin if a correction is made for nonenzymatic oxidation of PPD. Therefore, simultaneous assays are carried pH 5.45, which has been warmed to 37 ºC.The contents of the flask are adjusted to pH 5.45 at 37 ºC by dropwise addition of sodium hydroxide solution (1 mol/liter), and diluted to the mark with acetate buffer solution. The solution is stable for3h. Procedure (1) Into two test tubes (12 X 75 mm), labeled R (reaction) and B (blank), 2 ml of acetate buffer solution was pipetted. (2) Serum, 0.1 ml, is added to each tube. (3) Tubes R and B are placed in a water bath at 37 ºC to reach thermal equilibrium. A flask  containing buffered PPD solution is also placed in the water bath. (4) Warmed, buffered PPD solution (1 ml) is added to both tubes. The contents of the tubes are mixed, and the tubes are kept unstoppered in the water bath. The water bath is covered, to avoid exposure of the tubes to light. (5) After 5 min, 50  µl of sodium azide solutionis pipetted into tube B, and the contents are mixed. The tube is replaced in the water bath. (6) Exactly 30 min later, 50  µl of sodium azide solution is added to tube R, and the contents are mixed. (7) Samples R and B are transferred to spectrophotometer cuvette (light path, 1 cm), and absorbance is measured at 530 nm with a spectrophotometer. The color of the samples remains stable for at least 6 hrs. Calculations Ceruloplasmin (g/liter) = 0.752 (A AB), where AR is the absorbance of sample R, and AB is the absorbance of sample B. Normal range: 20-37mg/dl 3.7.3 Estimation of Catalase (CAT) activity in serum/plasma: Reagents: H2O2(1.2mM) Phosphate Buffer (pH-7.0)(0.05M) Peroxidase /potassium dichromate Procedure: The catalase activity of the hemolysate is determined by adopting the method of Brannan et.al. The assay is based on the disappearance of H2O2 in the presence of the enzyme source at 26 à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼C. In brief the hemolysate is prepared from lysed RBC suspension, further dilute by phosphate buffer(pH-7.0) Here the reaction mixture containing 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH-7.0), 1.2mM H2O2 and 0.2ml of diluted hemolysate is allowed to stand for 25 min. At the end of which reaction is stopped by the addition of 2.5 ml peroxidase reagent containing peroxidase and the red coloured compound chromogen system. Peroxidase reduced the H2O2 to give a compound and absorbance measure at 505 nm. Calculation: Activity= Std Conc.= 20 µ mol Std.OD =0.02 Unit=  µ mol/minute/mg protein Normal range: 3-5 unit/mg protein STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA: The results were analyzed using Duncan multiple range test. All the data are expressed as mean. Differences between the groups were considered significant at pË‚0.05

THE SINFUL NATURE OF MEN IN WILLIAM GOLDINGS LORD OF THE FLIES :: essays research papers fc

When anyone thinks of the word â€Å"evil† they do not think it is within themselves. In reality, without a structured and well-followed society, people are apt to follow their own corrupt desires and neglect the thought of consequence. In the allegory, Lord of the Flies, William Golding reveals that man’s selfishness and sinful nature will be unmasked when the structure of a society deteriorates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the story opens, the boys are stranded on the island without any type of authority and must fend for themselves. A meeting is held and the chief, Ralph, is quickly named. A reader at once can notice there is already a power struggle between Jack and Ralph but this is overlooked when Jack says rational and sensible remarks about what should be done. The stability of civilization is still apparent when Jack says, â€Å"I agree with Ralph. We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all, we’re not savages. We’re English, and the English are best at everything. So we’ve got to do the right things,† (Golding 42). The boys are still influenced by the restraints they learned from a controlled society. Joseph Conrad asserts that â€Å"there exists a certain ‘darkness of man’s heart’ that is suppressed by the light of civilization† (Introduction to Lord of the Flies 2). â€Å"Although Golding suggests the h armony of an ideal society, he does not indicate any faith in its creation† (Kennard 234). The more meetings that are held the more futile they become. â€Å" ’We have lots of assemblies. Everybody enjoys speaking and being together. We decide things. But they don’t get done,’ † (Golding 79). The boys realize that there are no punishments for what they do and disregard their priorities. â€Å"The idea that the absence of the restraints of civilization can lead to a subversion towards savagery† (Introduction to Lord of the Flies 2). The makeshift society that the boys have created is already starting to weaken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More and more time passes, the tension growing between the boys heightens and their hibernating savageness starts to peer out. Now, the boys start to completely ignore the rules and neglect the thought of getting rescued and start to fulfill their own wishes of hunting and playing. â€Å" ‘The rules!’ shouted Ralph. ‘You’re breaking the rules!’ ‘Who cares?’ [Jack retorted]†¦ ‘Because the rules are the only thing we’ve got!’ [Ralph replied]. ‘Bullocks to the rules! We’re strong – we hunt!.

A Socio-Economic Model for Sustainable Fashion

Abstract At times when sustainability seems to be the mantra for not only corporations but also the lay man, sustainable fashion is a much less understood term as â€Å"sustainability† alongside â€Å"fashion† are two seemingly contradictory concepts as fashion is all about change and sustainability is all about preservation. Sustainable fashion, in its purest form generates new ideas on how to produce fashion with a sense of ethics, organic or renewable resources, and socially responsible manufacturing techniques. Simply put, the term â€Å"eco-fashion† refers to stylized clothing that uses environmentally sensitive fabrics and responsible production techniques. Our first motive is to spread awareness amongst the mass about sustainable fashion and the affects its absence has on our environment. The fashion industry is based on a model of continual economic growth fuelled by ever-increasing consumption of resources. What needs to be retained is – continual economic growth and what needs to be changed is – ever-increasing resource consumption. So what I propose here is an idea which can possibly be a giant step towards sustainable fashion. The concept central to this idea is – reusability. So what is to be done is that there is a central organization called SFO, Sustainable Fashion Organization. The SFO buys all the to-be-thrown or to-be-wasted clothes on a massive scale. Then the clothes are analysed and classified on the basis of their reusable ratio. The clothes which are good enough have a high reusable ratio. The best breeds are recycled and reused to create new clothes that are eco-friendly, economic and sustainable. While the not so good breeds are used in other areas like manufacturing doormats and bags. In this paper, we try to present a model of business, that will be in optimal interest to industry, consumers, earth and ecosystem. A Socio-Economic Model for Sustainable fashion Sustainable fashion is creating a sustainable product with creativity and great innovation. Fashion is subject to creativity but sustainability is preserving, thus with fast moving competitive world it is hard to find the space for the word sustainable. There is lot of research taking place to find the most sustainable fiber but we all know that times flies and research continues. Many designers have begun experimenting with bamboo fibre, which absorbs greenhouse gases during its life cycle and grows quickly and in plenty without pesticides. Although it also causes environmental harm in production due to the chemicals used to create a soft viscose from hard bamboo. Hemp is one of the best choices for eco fabrics due to its ease of growth, though it is illegal to grow in some countries. Other alternative is synthetic fibers while critics still point to the chemicals used in making synthetic materials, this method significantly reduces water consumption and pollution, while cotton (organic or not) uses a tremendous amount of water during the growth and dyeing phases. Future holds a great deal of importance in our world but the present is equally responsible for it. All research and development is for future something which is uncertain, which is yet to be discovered. My business model is for present and preserving future. Current Scenario Gorman clothing, Stewart +Brown, Avita, Delano Collection, Look Organics etc are some of international brand which are into organic eco fashion but cost of production is still high due to the small market. Fashion industry is doing a lot to preserve the future but return on investment is low, the market share is small as the products are not readily available and they are expensive. People are not aware of fashion sustainability and they do not know which fibers life span is high with less carbon footprint. They are not familiar with the problems associated with fashion products as for most of the people cotton is sustainable and eco friendly; they are not educated on things like which garment is harmful, how to dispose the garment etc. What is the difference between the jute fibers or organic cotton is not known SFO We need to understand how SFO generate value for the consumers and how they generate revenue for their profitable running. Value Generations Maintaining sustainable development – the main reason and production of the sustainable fashion is eco friendly environment. Inculcating new habits – making the consumer understand the essence of sustainability and building loyal brand. Awareness – perception of fast fashion is quite wrong as it is actually not about throw away clothing but a management system that can improve the efficiency. Business Model SFO is an organization which is formed to help the other existing brand and organization working on sustainable fashion by reusing the fashion products and re design them for further usage. SFO is using the zero wastage method of sustainability and helps out other fashion organization in achieving zero waste. The method will be a continuous method of sustainability. The organizations will purchases the used garment or clothes and then check the life span of the garment. After evaluating the durability of the garment it is either reused to form a new garment or send to NGO’s. SFO will be having a tie with NGO’s and will be seeking cooperation from their end as well. Wearable will be given to NGO’s and those garments will be further utilized to the extent that they cannot be termed as wearable and then the NGO’s return the garment to SFO. Then the garment is again evaluated and divided in different slots according to their life span and fabric type. Garment is further cleaned and disinfected and made presentable in a form of raw material and once the procedure is completed it supply’s the garment to different brands. The brand then reuses recycle or redesign the garment and manufacture a new garment. Business functioning Step 1 – Understanding the working of different organization and brand and pursuing them to be a part of sustainable fashion. Taking help from NGO’s and seeking cooperation from their end. Step 2 – Purchasing the used garment from the public after evaluating the depression of the product. Step 3 – The garment is further studied and after understanding the durability it is supplied to NGO’s Step 4 – NGO’s will return the garment after using them. Step 5 – Then the used garment is cleaned and converted into raw material and supplied to different brands. Step 6 – These brands then manufacture a new garment by using the second hand raw material Revenue Generation Sustainable fashion can be profitable because shoppers today are looking for something more meaningful. Consumers are accepting the concept of reuse and recycle in a creative way. SFO will be affiliated with other organization or brand. So that SFO can afford and buy the used products from the public and keeps a certain margin with them. It is basically formed for readily available sustainable fashion therefore the garment wouldn’t be purchased or sold with high margin. The motto of SFO is employment and sustainable fashion with profitability. Risk Hesitancy level might be high as the products are used and then reproduced with new designs – people normally don’t like wearing second hand garment considering the health problem associated with it. Consumer might prefer to buy expensive organic product rather than going for low product sustainable fashion – with high economic growth rate people would like to spend more rather than going for redesigned products. Chaos among the brands associated with SFO – consumer might not have a clear picture of the product quality as every organization has its own quality measures. Opportunity Willingness to buy sustainable fashion – majority of people are fashion oriented and sustainable fashion is in demand. Consciously worried toward the environment – with rapid educations and consumer awareness people understand the importance of eco friendly environment and they are willing to be a part of it. Easy collaboration with other brands practicing sustainable fashion – existing brand association is not difficult with the help of their sustainable new ideas and concept of reuse , recycle and redesign can be inculcated. Low amount of investment – SFO doesn’t need huge investment as it will be associated with brand and organization. The purchase of the second hand garment can be done with the help of these brands. Employment – lot of people are working on sustainable fashion these people can be employed and given a platform to exhibit their ideas and concept. Sustainable institutes – the sustainable fashion academy, Danish fashion institute, refashion designers can be of great help. These institute and designers can work with SFO and help in achieving the goal of eco friendly environment. Recommendation Adequate awareness among the consumer is required regarding the SFO and its redesigned products. Any preconceived notion should be eliminated and customer helpline should be there to help out them with their questions. Not compromising on product quality should be maintained so that the consumer believes in the brand and its products. Hygiene should be given priority keeping in mind that people are hesitant towards the second hand products so one mistake can dilute the brand image. Initially the profit would be low as the market share is small. Therefore to attract huge market share product quality at low price should be done. Pricing strategy should be market penetration and later on price skimming can be adopted with new products. Brand should be responsible for their product quality and design. Each brand should remain a ‘brand’ without merging with SFO. The competition level remains the same within the brands. Each brand will use their own designing team to redesign the garment. SFO can be set as a standard mark for the organization for recognition and brand building. Conclusion Sustainable fashion will be really profitable and there is a huge potential, but first we need to create an ecosystem for that. Sustainable fashion organizations can be a milestone to set standard and accountability among different brands and organization. Every process is a continuous process but I believe time is money so while the research for sustainable fiber is in progress, we should restructure the existing industry to achieve certain sustainable development. Fashion is hard to stop but it can be preserved forever. The redesigning for the same garment gives more scope to innovation and creativity. With the big brand a small plan can be executed to make the consumer equally responsible for the eco friendly environment along with the industry. It is every individuals responsibility to play its duty properly considering the welfare of the society and rather than being completely dependent on government and industries. SFO is an organization which is awaking the public to stand and support the cause of sustainability. Reference Sustainable fashion meets eco-friendly energy, 27 October 2009 -http://www. meridianenergy. co. nz/AboutUs/News/SustainableFfashionMeetsEecofriendlyEnergy. htm Sustainable Fashion – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainable_fashion Fashion conscious, may 15- July 13, 2008 , University of California Davis design Museum Davis CA – http://sustainablefashion. blogspot. com/ Sustainable fashion forum – http://www. fashionaccess. aplf. com/TheFair/OnsiteEvents/SustainableFashionForum/tabid/1106/language/en-US/Default. aspx

Canada’s Changing Demographics and the Work Force Essay Example

Canada’s Changing Demographics and the Work Force Essay Example Canada’s Changing Demographics and the Work Force Essay Canada’s Changing Demographics and the Work Force Essay What has happened to Canada’s demographics over the past 50 old ages? Over the past 50 old ages. Canada’s demographics have been fluctuating significantly in footings of age and sex construction. During the mid-twentieth century. the population distribution pyramid was owned by the younger people and young person while the elderlies were non as extremely populated. Now. the pyramid does non even resemble a pyramid ; an addition in life anticipation. and a bead in birthrate rates may account for such a drastic and effectual transmutation. and this sudden bead on the charts represents the big cohorts of the babe boomers. who are now get downing to play. possibly even a somewhat harmful. function in the economic work force. In footings of statistics. these alterations represent good the ripening that has taken topographic point in Canada over the past 50 old ages. Between 1956 and 2006. the average age of the Canadian population went from 27. to 38. 8 old ages. an addition of more than 10 old ages over a span of 50 old ages. By 2056. the average age is expected to make 46. 9 old ages. or 20 old ages more than it was in 1956. In footings of demographics in the work force. during the 3rd one-fourth of the 20th century. there were about 8 grownups between 15 and 64 old ages of age in Canada for each individual aged 65 old ages or over. However. the d emographic dependence ratio for seniors in 2006 was merely over 5 individuals aged 15 to 64 old ages for each individual aged 65 old ages and over. This ratio gives an estimate of how many aged individuals there are in relation to the possible pool of workers. During the last 25 old ages. the ratio has bit by bit yet significantly decreased to its current degree. This downward tendency could besides go on into the hereafter. harmonizing to recent population projections by adept analysts. Regardless of the scenario selected. most projections show a continuance of the diminution of this index of population aging. Harmonizing to the projections. in the twelvemonth 2056 there would be merely 2. working-age individuals for each individual aged 65 old ages or over. an even lower ratio than we are covering with at the present minute. The Issue of Age Discrimination Age favoritism is defined. technically. as the thought of curtailing individuals from acquiring hired. promoted. or discriminated. in a place on the footing of age. It involves inauspicious work intervention of an employee based on a category or class that the employee belon gs to – employees over age 40 – instead than on the employee’s single virtue. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 ( ADEA ) protects certain appliers and employees 40 old ages of age and older from favoritism on the footing of age in engaging. publicity. discharge. compensation. or footings. conditions or privileges of employment. In fact. any action that an employer takes that adversely affects a disproportional figure of employees over 40 is besides age favoritism. Assorted different types of age favoritism do be throughout the work force. It would be reasonable to be knowing on one’s rights in footings of age favoritism to guarantee that future struggles as such are avoided. . Denying Employment: Denying 1s rights on hiring and employment based on their current age ( most instances involve the misjudgement of one’s capablenesss due to inexperience and immature age ) 2. Position-Based Employment: When one is already working for a company and is denied another place. possibly a publicity. within the company based on their current age . 3. Salary-Based Employment: While it is sensible to presume that a individual with more experience and instruction will grok a higher wage. even for making about the same work as another individual. there may be instances where that is non applicable. Some instances involve the act of paying more to one individual while another is making about indistinguishable work yet is being paid lupus erythematosus. yet one individual is significantly older or younger than the other. 4. Housing-Based Solutions: This type of age favoritism is different than others. merely because it is non related to employment. Some communities specifically cater to older grownups. but this is an freedom to lodging favoritism allowed under the Housing for Older Persons Act ( HOPA ) . This is true in many retirement communities. for illustration. for which frequently do non let those younger than age 55 old ages to ain belongings or populate at that place. Current myths sing the older work force employees There do be. nevertheless. many myths about the capablenesss of older workers in the field and how efficient they would be if they were to go on working in the work force as they age. One go arounding myth is that older people can non or will non larn new stuff every bit expeditiously as younger people. which is the most outstanding one of the remainder. A few others include the thought that older people are non flexible or adaptable to the work environment. that older people are less productive. and that older workers are more expensive than younger workers. There has been great argument on both sides of these theories. given that although people do accept that older people should non be discriminated against and limited in footings of the work force. there do still be facets in their work wonts and the resources needed to supply for them in the workplace which are less ideal than if younger people were to be hired alternatively. Some issues that may hold to be dealt with throughout the workplace with older people include more wellness protection. more resources to supply for them. and possibly even more preparation to guarantee that they are non slow in groking the accomplishments necessary for the station ( all of these factors besides relate back to thought of more disbursals in general ) . Labour deficit in Canada Figure 1. Statisticss on the recent survey on Canadian labour deficit by state Figure 1. Statisticss on the recent survey on Canadian labour deficit by state Finally. the instance for occupation deficits in Canada became thinner late with the most recent informations demoing vacancies really fell to 200. 000 at the start of the twelvemonth. significance there were 6. 5 unemployed workers trailing each gap. The fresh information is merely the latest index that seems to undersell authorities and concern statements that Canada is confronting a serious accomplishments and labour deficit. Furthermore. given the fact that older citizens are get downing to retire from their places. there is an increased hazard of labour deficits get downing to emerge. Partss of the economic system such as the nutrient and eating house. oil. and public services industries are get downing to confront such issues. and this country of struggle may even go on to turn over the decennaries. possibly even dispersed and spread out to more parts of the economic system. In footings of action against this issue nevertheless. stairss have already been put into consequence by different organisations and the Canadian authorities. Advancement has been made to cut down barriers to work by supplying revenue enhancement inducements for working Canadians and by modifying Employment Insurance and Guaranteed Income Supplement plans to take punishments for working people. Canadian Prime Minister. Steven Harper. responded that there are certain instances in Canada where there are absolute deficits of workers and that he will ensure the plans put in consequence are reformed so they may non be misused in any manner. The authorities has already begun to take action to farther cut down barriers to work for Canadians. given that Canada’s labour deficit is non merely a accomplishments deficit. but a person-shortage that will hold an progressively negative affect on the economic growing and prosperity of all Canadians. The decreasing immature worker to retired elder-ratio should be a clear indicant that a struggle is. and will be outstanding throughout the following twosome old ages or decennaries in Canada’s e conomic system. and that action must be taken every bit expeditiously as possible to avoid a serious job for both our current and future coevalss.

The Role of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls. essays

The Role of the Inspector in 'An Inspector Calls.' essays Discuss the role of the Inspector in the play. How does Priestley use him? Comment on the way the Inspector varies his treatment of the characters. An Inspector Calls is a play with many social and political messages. J. B. Priestley believed a great deal in socialism and he used several of his plays to try and influence people to be Socialist as well. It was written in a time when Britain was ruled by a Labour government and socialist policies were seen as the way forward. It was a popular way of thinking at that time so Priestley's aim for the play was probably to teach the unconvinced. The Inspector in J. B. Priestley's 'An Inspector Calls' is one of the most thought-provoking and mysterious characters that modern day literature has yet produced. It is this mysterious element that contributes greatly to making him a very interesting character and one that may be perceived in many ways. The audience does not find a great deal out about the Inspector and nothing is explicitly told to us; we are given hints and clues from the way he acts and what he says and are forced to piece these together to form our own ideas about his identity and his intentions. In this way, Priestley has asked his audience to act as a judge and to reach personal conclusions about him. The role of the Inspector is one of many levels. In terms of how he is used in the basic structure of the play, he is there to move the play along in that he encourages the characters to tell their stories. If there was not the revelation that he was not a real Police Inspector, he would only be considered as a narrator and not play a big part in the play. Because it transpired that he was an impostor of sorts, further questions are asked by the audience and different insights have become likely and it is clear that the Inspector is in the play for many reasons. The play is set in the house of the Birling family. As soon as the curtains open, it is clear that the fami...

History of the Olympic Games Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of the Olympic Games - Term Paper Example Zeus, an Olympic god, was said to be the father of humanity. Zeus is said to have fought a god known as Cronus in a struggle for the throne with other gods. The demigod, Heracles, staged games in Olympia in honor of Zeus. The games aimed at encouraging good relations among the cities of Greece and showing the physical qualities accomplished by the youth in Greece. The ultimate importance of the games was religion. During the first recorded Olympic Games, a nude runner, by the name Coroebus, won the sole event at the competition. He was a cook from Elis, a town in Greece. He competed in 210 yards or approximately 192 meters and became the first Olympics champion in the history. The ancient Olympic Game events continued to occur every four years for the next 1200 years. In 393, CE, Theodosius I, the Roman emperor, decided to abolish games, claiming they had pagan influences. Emperor Theodosius was a staunch Christian. About 1600 years later, Pierre Coubertin, a young French aristocrat, began to revive the games. Coubertin was born on January 1st, 1863. Coubertin was only seven when Germans overran the French. The period was known as the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. This young French aristocrat witnessed the defeat of French military and he attributed it to a lack of vigor. According to Coubertin, sports were among the motivating factors needed to have France regain its place. He concluded that Americans, Germans and the British did not have any superior education compared to the French. His proposal was not met with much enthusiasm. His persistence to get France interested in sports continued. He planned and founded a sports organization in 1890. The union named USFSA was launched, and two years later he pitched the idea to have the Olympic Games revived (IOC 10). The games mainly featured athletics. Later, chariot racing and combat were introduced as Olympic events. All conflicts occurring during the games were postponed until the events were completed. To many, the origin of the Olympics games is shrouded in mystery. Another myth suggested that the first games occurred in 775 BCE after some inscriptions were found in the city of Olympia. The ancient Olympic Games featured boxing, javelin, running and equestrian events. The myth concurs that Olympic Games had a fundamental religious importance. Another similarity with the earlier myth is that ritual sacrifices were offered in honor of Zeus which was a famous statue. The idol was a divine hero and an alleged god of Olympia. According to the Greek traditions, a four-year period was known as an Olympiad, which was a unit of time. This is said to be the source of Olympics (â€Å"Olympic Movement† 4). The Olympic Games became part of a cycle called Pan-Hellenic games. They included Isthmian, Pythain, and Nemean games. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the Olympics reached what was known as zenith. With the rise of the Roman Empire, the Olympic Games declined in terms of their importance. The Roman Empire gained power and influence over Greece. Emperor Theophilus II ordered the destruction of all Greek templates in 426 CE. This caused the Olympic Games to be officially ended. According to Coubertin, the revival of Olympics was necessary to bring peace and create friendship among nations. He planned and organized a meeting of seventy-nine delegates representing nine countries in just two years. The meeting was held in an auditorium decorated with neoclassical murals. In the